1. Model Overview

1.1 Note of version

The version presented here corresponds to the first final version (v1.0.0) of the model including the economic core as well as the energy module.

1.2 Geographical coverage

The geographical coverage of the NEMESIS-World model includes 22 different regions, 16 of which represent countries that form the largest economies of the World. In 2022, those 16 countries represented 75% of the World GDP, 55% of the population International Monetary Fund (2025) and 70% of global GHG emissions Crippa, M. et al. (2024). The remaining regions are grouped in 6 different geographical zones. Such regional detail, covering major economies, is important when assessing decarbonisation policies that are mostly country or region-specific whereas, six different geographical area for the non-disaggregated countries allows the model to be able to map with general IPCC standardised reporting regions. The 22 regions covered are:

• Africa: all African countries (named RoW Africa, WF)

• America: Canada (CA), Brazil (BR), Mexico (MX), United States of America (US) and the rest of American countries (RoW America, WL)

• Asia and Pacific: Australia (AU), China (CN), South Korea (KR), India (IN), Indonesia (ID), Japan (JP), Russia (RU), the rest of Asian and Pacific countries (RoW Asia & Pacific, WA) and the Middle East countries (RoW Middle East, WM)

• Europe: France (FR), Germany (DE), Italy (IT), Spain (ES), the United Kingdom (UK), the Rest of European Union Member States (Rest of EU, OE) and the rest of European Countries (RoW Europe, WE)

Région	Pays / Code	Liste des pays
Africa	RoW Africa (WF)	Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Western Sahara
America	Canada (CA)	Canada
	Brazil (BR)	Brazil
	Mexico (MX)	Mexico
	USA (US)	United States of America
	RoW America (WL)	Argentina, Chile, Haiti, Dominican Rep., Bahamas, Falkland Is., Greenland, Uruguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Ecuador, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Cuba, Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Asia & Pacific	Australia (AU)	Australia
	China (CN)	China
	India (IN)	India
	Indonesia (ID)	Indonesia
	Japan (JP)	Japan
	South Korea (KR)	South Korea
	Russia (RU)	Russia
	RoW Asia & Pacific (WA)	Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Timor-Leste, Brunei, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, North Korea, Mongolia, Azerbaijan, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu, Solomon Is., New Caledonia, New Zealand, Fr. S. Antarctic Lands, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Micronesia, Palau, Tuvalu, Kiribati, Nauru, Singapore
	RoW Middle East (WM)	Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq, Oman, Iran, Israel, Syria, Turkey, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, N. Cyprus, Bahrain
Europe	France (FR)	France
	Germany (DE)	Germany
	Italy (IT)	Italy
	Spain (ES)	Spain
	The United-Kingdom (UK)	United-Kingdom
	Rest of EU (OE)	Sweden, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Bulgaria, Greece, Croatia, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal, Ireland, Denmark, Slovenia, Finland, Slovakia, Czechia, Cyprus, Malta
	RoW Europe (WE)	Norway, Armenia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Albania, Switzerland, Iceland, Georgia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Andorra, Azerbaijan, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino

1.3 Sectoral coverage

The model represents 59 different economic activities for each region modelled. This high level of sectoral detail allows the model to provide detailed economic impact assessments. Particular emphasis has been placed on disaggregating sectors impacting or be impacted by climate change mitigation options. The economic activities include the following disaggregated sectors:

• Four agricultural sectors: Agriculture – vegetable; Agriculture – animals; Forestry; and Fishery.

• Four mining and quarrying sectors: Mining of coal; Extraction of oil; Extraction of natural gas; and Other mining.

• Thirteen energy intensive industries: Manufacture of pulp, paper and printing products; Manufacture of coke; Manufacture of petroleum and nuclear products; Chemicals – plastics; Chemicals – fertilisers; Chemicals – others; Manufacture of rubber and plastic products; Manufacture of glass; Manufacture of cement and lime; Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products; Manufacture of iron and steel; Manufacture of other basic metals and Aluminium production.

• Eleven other manufacturing industries: Manufacture of food, beverage and tobacco; Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel and leather products; Manufacture of wood and wood products; Manufacture of fabricated metal products; Manufacture of machinery and equipment; Manufacture of office machinery and computers; Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus; Manufacture of radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus; Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks; Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers; Manufacture of other transport equipment and Other manufacturing.

• Eight utilities: Wastes treatment and recycling; Production of electricity; Transmission of electricity; Distribution and trade of electricity; Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains; Steam and hot water supply and Water distribution.

• One construction sector: Construction.

• Six transportation related sectors: Transport via railways; Other land transport; Sea and coastal water transport; Inland water transport; Air transport and Other transport.

• Eight market services: Trade; Hotels and restaurants; Finance; Insurance; Real estate activities; Information and communication; Research and development; Other business activities.

• Four non-market services: Public administration and defence; compulsory social security; Education; Health and social work and Other services activities.

Code	Sector
01	Agriculture - vegetable
02	Agriculture - animals
03	Forestry
04	Fishery
05	Mining of coal
06	Extraction of oil
07	Extraction of natural gas
08	Other mining
09	Manufacture of food, beverage and tobacco
10	Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel and leather products
11	Manufacture of wood and wood products
12	Manufacture of pulp, paper and printing products
13	Manufacture of coke
14	Manufacture of petroleum and nuclear products
15	Chemicals - plastics
16	Chemicals - fertilisers
17	Chemicals - others
18	Manufacture of rubber and plastic products
19	Manufacture of glass
20	Manufacture of cement and lime
21	Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
22	Manufacture of iron and steel
23	Manufacture of other basic metals
24	Aluminium production
25	Manufacture of fabricated metal products
26	Manufacture of machinery and equipment
27	Manufacture of office machinery and computers
28	Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus
29	Manufacture of radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
30	Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks
31	Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
32	Manufacture of other transport equipment
33	Other manufacturing
34	Wastes treatment and recycling
35	Production of electricity
36	Transmission of electricity
37	Distribution and trade of electricity
38	Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains
39	Steam and hot water supply
40	Water distribution
41	Construction
42	Trade
43	Hotels and restaurants
44	Transport via railways
45	Other land transport
46	Sea and coastal water transport
47	Inland water transport
48	Air transport
49	Other transport
50	Finance
51	Insurance
52	Real estate activities
53	Information and communication
54	Research and development
55	Other business activities
56	Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
57	Education
58	Health and social work
59	Other services activities

1.4 Other core dimensions

1.4.1 Labour market

The model distinguishes three different levels of qualification of the workforce for each economic activity in each region, based on the standardisation of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED).

Level of qualification	ISCED code	Description
Low-qualified	0	Less than primary education
Low-qualified	1	Primary education
Low-qualified	2	Lower secondary education
Medium-qualified	3	Upper secondary education
Medium-qualified	4	Post-secondary non-tertiary education
High-qualified	5	Short-cycle tertiary education
High-qualified	6	Bachelor’s or equivalent level
High-qualified	7	Master’s or equivalent level
High-qualified	8	Doctoral or equivalent level

1.4.2 Energy products

Beyond the aggregated demand reflected in monetary units, the model also quantifies the demand for twelve different energy commodities.

Category	Primary energy sources	Secondary energy sources
Fossil fuels	Oil Natural gas Coal	Electricity from: Oil Natural gas Coal Solid biomass Biogas Liquid biofuel Wastes Nuclear Geothermal Wind Solar Hydro Tidal
Renewable energy sources	Solid biomass Biogas Liquid biofuel Wastes (50%)	Heat from: Oil Natural gas Coal Solid biomass Biogas Liquid biofuel Industrial & municipal wastes Nuclear Geothermal
Other energy commodities	Geothermal Solar thermal Wastes (50%)	—

1.4.3 Power generation technologies

The sector “Production of electricity” is detailed to cover numerous power technologies.

Category	Energy type	Variants / Notes
Fossils	Coal	Coal without CCS Coal with CCS
	Natural gas	Natural gas without CCS Natural gas with CCS
	Oil	—
Renewable sources	Hydro	—
	Wind	Wind onshore Wind offshore
	PV	—
	CSP	—
	Solid biomass	Solid biomass without CCS Solid biomass with CCS
	Liquid biofuel	—
	Biogas	—
	Tidal	—
	Geothermal	—
	Renewable wastes	—
Other	Nuclear	—
	Non-renewable wastes	—

1.4.4 GHG emissions

The model also calculates the following GHG emissions: CO2, N2O, CH4, F-gases.

Gas	Description
CO₂	Carbon dioxide
N₂O	Nitrous oxides
CH₄	Methane
F-gases	Fluorinated gases including: - Hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) - Perfluorocarbon (PFCs) - Sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆) - Nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃)